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Simplify The Holidays - Gift Ideas More Time More Fun More Nature More Fairness Turn the Tide Kids & Commercialism Simplify the Holidays In Balance (newsletter) New Dream E-cards Multimedia Talk About It Conscious Consumer Institutional Purchasing Back to School I Buy Different (youth site) Less Can Mean More In Balance (newsletter) New Dream E-cards Talk About It Take Action Act Locally Green Cars Today Do Not Junk New Dream Book Club Action Forum Give/Get Advice In Balance (newsletter) New Dream E-cards New Dream Poll What's New Campaigns/Programs New Dream Store In Balance (newsletter) New Dream E-cards Partners Testimonials Staff Careers Privacy Policy My Turn the Tide My Actions My Friends My Events My Profile My Conversations New Dream Store Privacy Policy More of What Matters Getting More More Time Intro Take Back Your Time Time Day Poll Retreat Resources More Fun More Nature More Fairness Talk About It Turn the Tide Intro Preview the Steps Partner Groups FAQ Publications Listing Order Print Copies In Balance What Kids Want Sustainable Planet Tips for Parenting Good Times... Simplify the Holidays Responsible Purchasing New Dream Video More Fun, Less Stuff Kit Turn the Tide Workbook EPP Video Bumper Sticker Bicycle Sticker Easy Does It Simplify the Holidays Home Alternative Gift Fairs What They Are Where They Are Success Stories What They're Like Organize Your Own Brochure Holiday Tips Getting Started Gift Ideas Share a Gift Idea Gift Basket Holiday Stats Polls 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Simplifying Story Kids & Commercialism Home Brochures Art/Essay Contest Marketing Facts Tips Even More Tips What Kids Say Pressure Schools Endorsers Take Action Current Alert All Actions Action Updates Petitions Discuss Actions Multimedia Expand All | Collapse All Inexpensive, Creative and Eco-friendly Gift Ideas Did you know that 82% of Americans would rather receive a photo album of times shared than a store-bought gift? (source: Center for a New American Dream-commissioned Holiday Poll, November 1998) Just in case you don't want to give memory-filled albums to everyone on your gift list, we have lots of other ideas. Gifts for Children Homemade Gifts Gifts of Time Family Gifts Gifts for the Environment Ideas for Donations in the Name of a Loved One For those gifts you're still going to buy, check out our Conscious Consumer site Gifts for Children: 1: Simple book about the child, written and illustrated by you! 2: The makings for hand puppets -- brown lunch bags, googly eyes, scissors, markers etc. Homemade Gifts: 3: Record interviews of parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles on audio or video tape; you can ask them to discuss their memories of the person you plan to give the tape to, or your family's history, especially funny or meaningful anecdotes. 4: Make your own cards and send them to relatives and good friends. 5: Frame one of your best photographs. Buy a frame from a local business or artisan. Or make one yourself out of stiff paper or cardboard, decorated with colored paper, old wrapping paper, beads and/or natural products (like leaves, small pinecones, or seeds). 6: Make your own calendar using cut-out pictures, photos, and/or drawings. 7: Assemble a collection of favorite recipes. Top of Page Gifts of Time: 8: Special activities with a significant other--a candlelit dinner, massage, or outdoor activity. 9: A monthly lunch date with an elderly relative or friend. 10: A handwritten letter or card sent to a long-distance friend or relative once a month for a year. Top of Page Family Gifts: 11: A jigsaw puzzle for the whole family. 12: Tickets to a favorite cultural or sporting event Top of Page Gifts for the Environment: 13: Assemble a Turn the Tide gift basket with compact fluorescent lightbulbs, forms for getting rid of junk mail, delicious recipes and a note about how the recipients can log on to www.turnthetide.org and see exactly how much of a positive impact they're having on the environment. 14: Buy a potted Christmas tree and replant after the holidays. (You can also have a tree planted elsewhere in someone's honor through American Forests .) 15: Instead of new wrapping paper, reuse old paper the Sunday comics section, old maps, decorated brown grocery bags, or a colorful piece of material. Top of Page Donations in the name of a Loved One: 16: Alternative Gifts International offers a wide array of global gifts that can be given in the name of your friend or relative. Their partner organizations include 33 projects such as Fuel Efficient Stoves in El Salvador, Conquering Tuberculosis in North Korea, Literacy Training in Senegal, Land Mine Awareness in Vietnam or Organic Gardening in Belize. Contact Alternative Gifts at 1-800-842-2243, P.O Box 2267, Lucerne Valley, CA 92356. Free catalog from altgifts@sisp.net or www.altgifts.org . 17: Give a donation to a local cause such as a soup kitchen, a shelter for battered women, a local environment group, etc. Call local churches, synagogues, and charitable organizations for ideas. 18: Give a friend a membership to a non-profit organization. JustGive.org allows you to donate online to thousands of charities. Want to give a gift membership to the Center of a New American Dream? Click Here Top of Page " I've started asking myself what I'm working so hard for. I don't want to work so hard for a house full of junk that's just going to turn into a pile of garbage. I want to work to create a simpler, easier life for my family. Mounds of junk have made my life more complicated, not simpler. " Angie Robinson Roseville MN Also check out the Big Love Gift Guide for gift ideas. Get started with our holiday tips Share your gift ideas Share what matters most to you by sending a New Dream E-card to friends and family Help organize an Alternative Gift Fair in your area Look for environmentally and socially responsible gifts on Conscious Consumers The Chatter Years ago I built a solor divice that made energy by using magnifying glass... - Page Tools Printable Page Send this page to a friend

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Teacher Gifts - Retirement, Goodbye, Thank You, Teacher Appreciation gifts for Teachers Needteaching resources and access to more than 900 Education Web Sites? Click Here E-Z Grader Company Products for teachers and students - Check out the Scooby-Doo Math Fact Finders Excellent quality, easier than flash cards...and fun! Personally Yours Made to order Teacher Shirts with personalized embroidery available! Great designs. Unique Classroom Ideas! Clipart, posters, shirts, certificates and more. Paramount Promotions Teacher golf shirts with great "teacher" embroidered logos. Trophies, plaques & awards for Teacher Appreciation. For the teacher who wants a little music in the classroom! Coed Sportswear Lifestyle statement imprinted apparel. Two great teacher t-shirt designs. Check the whole Coed Sportswear line! Help Me 2 Learn Outstanding educational software - Phonics, Letters, Numbers and more - Demos Available Tree House Press Publisher of supplementary resources, novel study guides, reading and writing workbooks. Excellent materials. Trice Pens Unique, handcrafted pens Personalized for "That Special Teacher" - Contact Tom Trice "Whatdidyoubringme!?" Natural history t-shirt designs, plus ties, books and other gifts. Great designs. Colleague Retirement? No time to prepare a tribute? Teacher Poems are our specialty - teacher humor always included at no charge! Read what people are saying... www.poems4teachers.com Personalized Poems make perfect "teacher gifts", an ideal way to say goodbye to a colleague who is leaving or retiring ~ truly a gift to be treasured. Say goodbye with "class" and a bit of teacher humor! Order Now - it's that time!...Expedited Service Available... More Personalized Teacher Tribute Poems from students, parents or school groups... Our Personalized Poems are uniquely creative Teacher Gifts Ideal for that "special teacher" ... When you want to say ... Goodbye at the End of the Year, Thank You, Happy Retirement, Sorry You're Leaving, You're a Great Teacher, Happy Summer... or for Teacher Appreciation Our Poems are uniquely creative - 100% personalized... Our personalized poems can be framed as commemorative gifts More www.poems4teachers.com Hawaiian Shirts & Aloha Shirts for the Hawaiian at heart. Bowling Shirts with a Vintage, Retro Twist. Large selection of Tropical styles and attire - Plus Sizes and more. Make great gifts for teachers for Spring Break, Summer Vacation, or just for fun! I own 2 shirts - excellent quality, vibrant colors - fast delivery. Buy from a teacher-owned store. ChalkTalk Online.com - A great selection of gifts for teachers including videos, t-shirts, sweatshirts, mugs, tote bags. Excellent quality, fast delivery. Gift certificates. GREAT retirement t-shirts. I have 4 of them! Mike's Personalized T-Shirts - Reasonably-priced t-shirts and sweatshirts for the teacher on your list. Excellent teacher gifts... high quality designs on the shirts...great value. CSP Teaching Supplies - Great selection of Educational Resources including books, bulletin boards, stickers and rewards. Family-owned business. Our Personalized Poems make Great Gifts for All Occasions... combining humor and serious sentiment 100% Personalized Poems ... guaranteed to make you laugh and cry... Personalized Poems for All Occasions @ Personalized-Poems.com Pins, ties, scarves, Italian charms, lanyards and teacher jewelry... Online Special Discount Pricing up to 25% Great Teacher Gifts! Great gifts for teachers. Excellent quality denim shirts with embroidered "teacher logos". Owned by retired teacher Linda Vollmer. Judy Domeny Bowen has captured the essence of teaching. A fabulously funny CD - great teacher gift. Order from Judy. Cabam Recognition and appreciation gifts for volunteers and educators. Great selection. Canadian Site MAKE FUN of Learning See the G.R.O.W. books... Educational resources, workshops and more... Love4Teachers.com Your one-stop-shop for great teacher gifts! Artist at Work teacher t-shirts, mugs, posters... Contact Lorilei Edutunes - Music-based Math, Phonics and Science learning tools - making learning easier and fun for children. Order from Jennifer Fixman , creator of Edutunes. A must-have resource! Personalized Plus Personalized items including a great "Teacher Cardigan" with the teacher's name! Visit our other Sites: Personalized Poems and Poems 4 Teachers Looking for teaching resources? ClickHere Home I Poems 4 Teachers I MoreResources I ContactUs I OurResources I Our E-Resources I PersonalizedPoems I KidTunes 2000 O'Flynn Consulting - Barrie, Ontario, Canada ~ Information ~ e-mail: info@songs4teachers.com

Birthday Present

Math Forum: Ask Dr. Math FAQ: The Birthday Problem -- Ask Dr. Math: FAQ The Birthday Problem Dr. Math FAQ || Classic Problems || Formulas || Search Dr. Math || Dr. Math Home Suppose you flip a coin and bet that it will come up tails. Since you are equally likely to get heads or tails, the probability of tails is 50%. This means that if you try this bet often, you should win about half the time. What if somebody offered to bet that at least two people in your math class had the same birthday? Would you take the bet? This question is more complicated than flipping a coin, because the chance of finding two people with the same birthday depends on the number of people you ask. If there were only one other person in your math class, you might be surprised to find out that she had the same birthday as you. If there were a pair of people with the same birthday in a class of 366 people, would you still be surprised? How large must a class be to make the probability of finding two people with the same birthday at least 50%? Let's forget about leap year when we solve this problem (no February 29 birthdays!) This way, we can assume that a year is always 365 days long. We'll start by figuring out the probability that two people have the same birthday. The first person can have any birthday. That gives him 365 possible birthdays out of 365 days, so the probability of the first person having the "right" birthday is 365/365, or 100%. The chance that the second person has the same birthday is 1/365. To find the probability that both people have this birthday, we have to multiply their separate probabilities. (365/365) * (1/365) = 1/365, or about 0.27%. Now, what about three people ? The chance of the first and second person sharing a birthday is still 1/365. The first and third person might share a birthday instead. The probability of that is 1/365 as well. But what if the second and third person shared a birthday? And what if all three of them had the same birthday? Things are getting complicated fast. Four or five people would be even messier. Is there a simpler way? To solve the birthday problem, we need to use one of the basic rules of probability: the sum of the probability that an event will happen and the probability that the event won't happen is always 1. (In other words, the chance that anything might or might nothappen is always 100%.) If we can work out the probability that no two people will have the same birthday, we can use this rule to find the probability that two people will share a birthday: P(event happens) + P(event doesn't happen) = 1 P(two people share birthday) + P(no two people share birthday) = 1 P(two people share birthday) = 1 - P(no two people share birthday). So, what is the probability that no two people will share a birthday? Again, the first person can have any birthday. The second person's birthday has to be different. There are 364 different days to choose from, so the chance that two people have different birthdays is 364/365. That leaves 363 birthdays out of 365 open for the third person. To find the probability that both the second person and the third person will have different birthdays, we have to multiply: (365/365) * (364/365) * (363/365) = 132 132/133 225, which is about 99.18%. If we want to know the probability that four people will all have different birthdays, we multiply again: (364/365) * (363/365) * (362/365) = 47 831 784/ 48 627 125, or about 98.36%. We can keep on going the same way as long as we want. A formula for the probability that n people have different birthdays is ((365-1)/365) * ((365-2)/365) * ((365-3)/365) * . . . * ((365-n+1)/365). If you know permutation notation, you can write this formula as (365_P_n)/(365^n). That's the same as 365! / ((365-n)! * 365^n). We've made some progress, but we still haven't answered the original question: how large must a class be to make the probability of finding two people with the same birthday at least 50%? We know that the probability of finding at least two people with the same birthday is 1 minus the probability that everybody has a different birthday, and we know how to find the probability that everybody has a different birthday for any number of people. The easiest way to find the right class size is to use a calculator to try different numbers in the formula. It turns out that the smallest class where the chance of finding two people with the same birthday is more than 50% is... a class of 23 people . (The probability is about 50.73%.) From the Dr. Math archives: Probability Theory: Coincidental Birthday Probability of the Same Birthday within a Group Birthday Probabilities Three Share a Birthday The Birthday Problem; Queuing at a Bank Birthday Probability, Class of 25 One Person of Seven Born on Monday Odds of Left-Handedness in a Group From the Web: The Birthday Problem: A short lesson in probability , George Reese A Java applet that you can use to test different class sizes (it works better with small classes) and graphs of the probability for different numbers of people. The Law of Small Errors , Keith Devlin The birthday problem, and related questions - what's the probability that someone will have your birthday? Birthday Surprises, Ivars Peterson Birthday Problem, Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics Coincidence, Alexander Bogomolny How to Read Mathematics, Shai Simonson and Fernando Gouveau This article uses an explanation of the birthday problem as an example. An Introduction to Mathematica and the "Birthday Problem," Louie Beuschlein For a general review of probability: Probability, Dr. Math FAQ Probability in the Real World, Dr. Math FAQ - Ursula Whitcher, for the Math Forum Submit your ownquestion to Dr. Math [ Privacy Policy ] [ Terms of Use ] Math Forum Home || Math Library || Quick Reference || Math Forum Search Ask Dr. Math ® © 1994-2005 The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/

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