Groomsmen Gifts Swords and

Kitchen Cutlery Men's Gifts Manicure Sets Razors Shaving Liquor Flasks Groomsmen Gifts Swords Sports Knives Scissors Rubis Gingher Knife Sharpening from Excalibur Cutlery and Gifts Welcome to Excalibur Cutlery & Gifts Thank you for visiting Excalibur Cutlery and Gifts. We invite you to browse our incredible selection for a specific cutlery item or a special gift. Excalibur offers secure online ordering, guaranteed return policy, gift wrapping and prompt, FREE SHIPPING . We are also always happy to assist you in one of our retail locations or help you find the perfect purchase by phone. Choose from one of the categories below or at the top left and welcome again to our fascinating world of fine cutlery and unique gifts. Kitchen Cutlery Sports and Pocket Knives Men's Gifts Groomsmen Gifts Swords and Medieval Razors and Shaving Pocket Flasks, Hip Flasks, Liquor Flasks Manicure Sets Manicure Instruments Rubis Manicure Instruments Gingher Scissors & Shears Scissors and Shears Gentlemen's Knives Multi-tools Harley-Davidson Wedding Gifts Sharpening Equipment Store Locations Store Locations Multi-tools Razors & Shaving Manicure Instruments Wedding Gifts Sharpening Equip. Kitchen Cutlery Gentlemen's Knives Flasks Scissors & Shears Harley-Davidson Gifts Rubis Gingher Sports-Pocket Knives Swords & Medieval Manicure Sets Groomsmen's Gifts Men's Gifts NICA Exclusives © 2004 Excalibur All rights reserved. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners. If you have any concerns or problems with our site, please contact the Webmaster, AdSense Consulting.

Great Gifts

Great Gift Ideas! ANTIQUE JEWELRY MALL For Questions or to Order 800-292-4900 View Cart & Check Out ? Help & Customer Service Contact Us Homepage | Site Map All items purchased from us include FREE INSURED SHIPPING and our SATISFACTION GUARANTEE! SEARCH Shop by Product Wedding Jewelry Rings Filigree Jewelry Charms and Pendants Pendants and Necklaces Earrings Bracelets Brooches and Pins Men's Jewelry Cuff Links - Cufflinks Watches Birthstone Jewelry Search for Diamonds Newest Additions Great Gift Ideas! Shop by Style or Metal Art Deco - Edwardian - Retro Victorian - Art Nouveau White Gold and Platinum Yellow Gold and Rose Gold Sterling Silver Information Help and Customer Service Frequently Asked Questions Site Directory Contact Us Customer Testimonials Privacy Policy Links Index Search Track Your Package Order Status View Cart What our customers say: Read more... Great Gift Ideas! To find the perfect gift, please click on the underlined link below for the type of antique jewelry you would like to see: GIFTS FOR HER... Rings: Rings for Women Under $100 Rings for Womenfrom $100 to $250 Rings for Women from $250 to $500 Necklaces and Bracelets: Necklaces and Bracelets Under $100 Necklaces and Bracelets from $100 to $250 Necklaces and Bracelets from $250 to $500 Earrings: Earrings Under $100 Earrings from $100 to $250 Earrings from $250 to $500 Brooches and Pins: Brooches and Pins Under $100 Brooches and Pins from $100 to $250 Brooches and Pins from $250 to $500 Charms and Pendants: Charms and Pendants Under $100 Charms and Pendants from $100 to $250 Charms and Pendants from $250 to $500 GIFTS FOR HIM... Gifts for Men Under $100 Gifts for Men from $100 to $250 Gifts for Men from $250 to $500 CORPORATE GIFTS... Cufflinks Money Clips Brooches and Pins Questions? ContactUs: info@antiquejewelrymall.com or800-292-4900 ordersecurely online or byphone toll-free in the U.S. Home Help FrequentlyAsked Questions PrivacyPolicy ShippingPolicy ReturnPolicy TrackYour Package SiteDirectory ShoppingCart 2001-2005 Antique Jewelry Mall, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Groomsmen Gifts Swords and

Great Gifts

Birthday Present

Math Forum: Ask Dr. Math FAQ: The Birthday Problem -- Ask Dr. Math: FAQ The Birthday Problem Dr. Math FAQ || Classic Problems || Formulas || Search Dr. Math || Dr. Math Home Suppose you flip a coin and bet that it will come up tails. Since you are equally likely to get heads or tails, the probability of tails is 50%. This means that if you try this bet often, you should win about half the time. What if somebody offered to bet that at least two people in your math class had the same birthday? Would you take the bet? This question is more complicated than flipping a coin, because the chance of finding two people with the same birthday depends on the number of people you ask. If there were only one other person in your math class, you might be surprised to find out that she had the same birthday as you. If there were a pair of people with the same birthday in a class of 366 people, would you still be surprised? How large must a class be to make the probability of finding two people with the same birthday at least 50%? Let's forget about leap year when we solve this problem (no February 29 birthdays!) This way, we can assume that a year is always 365 days long. We'll start by figuring out the probability that two people have the same birthday. The first person can have any birthday. That gives him 365 possible birthdays out of 365 days, so the probability of the first person having the "right" birthday is 365/365, or 100%. The chance that the second person has the same birthday is 1/365. To find the probability that both people have this birthday, we have to multiply their separate probabilities. (365/365) * (1/365) = 1/365, or about 0.27%. Now, what about three people ? The chance of the first and second person sharing a birthday is still 1/365. The first and third person might share a birthday instead. The probability of that is 1/365 as well. But what if the second and third person shared a birthday? And what if all three of them had the same birthday? Things are getting complicated fast. Four or five people would be even messier. Is there a simpler way? To solve the birthday problem, we need to use one of the basic rules of probability: the sum of the probability that an event will happen and the probability that the event won't happen is always 1. (In other words, the chance that anything might or might nothappen is always 100%.) If we can work out the probability that no two people will have the same birthday, we can use this rule to find the probability that two people will share a birthday: P(event happens) + P(event doesn't happen) = 1 P(two people share birthday) + P(no two people share birthday) = 1 P(two people share birthday) = 1 - P(no two people share birthday). So, what is the probability that no two people will share a birthday? Again, the first person can have any birthday. The second person's birthday has to be different. There are 364 different days to choose from, so the chance that two people have different birthdays is 364/365. That leaves 363 birthdays out of 365 open for the third person. To find the probability that both the second person and the third person will have different birthdays, we have to multiply: (365/365) * (364/365) * (363/365) = 132 132/133 225, which is about 99.18%. If we want to know the probability that four people will all have different birthdays, we multiply again: (364/365) * (363/365) * (362/365) = 47 831 784/ 48 627 125, or about 98.36%. We can keep on going the same way as long as we want. A formula for the probability that n people have different birthdays is ((365-1)/365) * ((365-2)/365) * ((365-3)/365) * . . . * ((365-n+1)/365). If you know permutation notation, you can write this formula as (365_P_n)/(365^n). That's the same as 365! / ((365-n)! * 365^n). We've made some progress, but we still haven't answered the original question: how large must a class be to make the probability of finding two people with the same birthday at least 50%? We know that the probability of finding at least two people with the same birthday is 1 minus the probability that everybody has a different birthday, and we know how to find the probability that everybody has a different birthday for any number of people. The easiest way to find the right class size is to use a calculator to try different numbers in the formula. It turns out that the smallest class where the chance of finding two people with the same birthday is more than 50% is... a class of 23 people . (The probability is about 50.73%.) From the Dr. Math archives: Probability Theory: Coincidental Birthday Probability of the Same Birthday within a Group Birthday Probabilities Three Share a Birthday The Birthday Problem; Queuing at a Bank Birthday Probability, Class of 25 One Person of Seven Born on Monday Odds of Left-Handedness in a Group From the Web: The Birthday Problem: A short lesson in probability , George Reese A Java applet that you can use to test different class sizes (it works better with small classes) and graphs of the probability for different numbers of people. The Law of Small Errors , Keith Devlin The birthday problem, and related questions - what's the probability that someone will have your birthday? Birthday Surprises, Ivars Peterson Birthday Problem, Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics Coincidence, Alexander Bogomolny How to Read Mathematics, Shai Simonson and Fernando Gouveau This article uses an explanation of the birthday problem as an example. An Introduction to Mathematica and the "Birthday Problem," Louie Beuschlein For a general review of probability: Probability, Dr. Math FAQ Probability in the Real World, Dr. Math FAQ - Ursula Whitcher, for the Math Forum Submit your ownquestion to Dr. Math [ Privacy Policy ] [ Terms of Use ] Math Forum Home || Math Library || Quick Reference || Math Forum Search Ask Dr. Math ® © 1994-2005 The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/